The calculation uses the stationary 28-band Zwicker method: low-frequency grouping, ear-transmission correction, free/diffuse-field correction, core loudness, level-dependent upward masking, and integration of a 0.1-Bark specific-loudness pattern.
The exact kernel is appropriate for the declared 1/3-octave SPL input. Image digitization, a narrowband curve sampled at band centres, or anchoring a transfer function with one reference level add uncertainty before that kernel. This app labels those cases; it does not turn them into certified measurements.
It does not model time-varying loudness, binaural effects, microphone/calibration uncertainty, room interaction, or signal bandwidth absent from the image.
Method implementation adapted from the MIT-licensed ZwickerLoudness.jl stationary reference implementation. ISO 532-1 is a standard; this app is not a certification tool.